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Why Do We Yawn?

あくびの謎をめぐる、複数の科学的仮説をやさしく整理。

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Yawning seems like the most ordinary thing in the world, but scientists still cannot fully explain why we do it. The old theory was that yawning brings extra oxygen into a tired brain, but careful experiments in the 1980s showed that breathing pure oxygen does not stop people from yawning. Today, the leading idea is that yawning is a kind of brain cooling system. When the brain warms upfor example, late at night, or during a boring lecturea deep yawn pulls cool air across the back of the throat, lowering the temperature of nearby blood vessels by a fraction of a degree. There is also a social side. Yawning is famously contagious. If you see one person yawn, you are about thirty percent more likely to yawn yourself within the next minute. This effect is stronger between people who know each other well, and weaker between strangers, which suggests that contagious yawning is tied to empathy. Even so, no single theory covers every yawn. Babies yawn before they are born, athletes yawn before they perform, parachutists yawn before they jump. Whatever yawning really does, it seems to do many things at once.

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  • Yawning seems like the most ordinary thing in the world文法

    あくびはこの世で最もありふれたことに見える

    〈seem like + 名詞〉= 『〜のように見える』。like の後ろは名詞句。〈seem + 形容詞〉(形容詞だけ) と区別。

  • scientists still cannot fully explain why we do it文法

    科学者はまだ完全には説明できない

    〈still + 動詞 + ない〉で『未だに〜できない』。〈fully〉は副詞で動詞 explain を修飾。

  • The old theory was that yawning brings extra oxygen表現

    古い説は、あくびが余分な酸素を取り込むというものだった

    〈the old theory was that ...〉= 『古い説は〜というものだった』。学説の紹介の典型構文。

  • careful experiments in the 1980s showed that文法

    1980年代の慎重な実験で〜が示された

    実験を主語にした無生物主語。〈show + that 節〉で『〜を示す』。

  • the leading idea is that yawning is a kind of brain cooling system語彙

    有力な説は、あくびは脳の冷却システムの一種だ

    〈the leading idea〉= 『有力な説』。leading は形容詞で『主導的な、最先端の』。

  • lowering the temperature of nearby blood vessels by a fraction of a degree文法

    近くの血管の温度をわずか何分の一かの度数だけ下げる

    現在分詞 lowering が分詞構文で結果を表す。〈by + 数量〉= 『〜の差で』。〈a fraction of a degree〉= 『1度の何分の一』、微小な差を文学的に表す。

  • Yawning is famously contagious.語彙

    あくびは伝染することで有名だ。

    〈famously〉= 『有名なことに』、文修飾副詞。〈contagious〉= 『感染性の』、医学用語が比喩的に拡張された。

  • you are about thirty percent more likely to yawn文法

    あなたがあくびをする確率は約30%上がる

    〈be more likely to + 動詞〉= 『〜する可能性が高い』。〈about〉= 『約』、〈by + N percent〉ではなく〈N percent more likely〉のパターン。

  • stronger between people who know each other well文法

    親しい間柄の方が強く

    比較級 stronger + between + 名詞。社会科学の論文に頻出する『関係性による差』を表す書き方。

  • which suggests that contagious yawning is tied to empathy文法

    これは伝染するあくびが共感と結びついていることを示唆する

    非制限的関係詞 which が前文全体を受ける用法。〈suggest that ...〉= 『〜を示唆する』、強い断定を避ける学術動詞。

  • Even so, no single theory covers every yawn.表現

    それでも、すべてのあくびを説明できる単一の理論はない。

    〈even so〉= 『それでも、そうは言っても』。前文の主張を一旦認めた上で反論する論理接続句。

  • Whatever yawning really does, it seems to do many things at once.文法

    あくびが本当に何をしているのかは分からないが、どうやらいくつもの仕事を一度にこなしているらしい。

    〈whatever〉= 『何が〜だろうとも』、譲歩節を導く複合関係詞。〈seem to + 動詞〉= 『〜のようだ』。

次: A Snowy Morning